A lawmaker from South Korea’s Democratic Party has triggered a fierce debate after proposing changes to the Criminal Act that would allow individuals to be jailed for insulting a foreign country, its citizens, or an ethnic group, Chosun Daily reports. Representative Yang Bu nam submitted the amendment early last month, supported by nine party colleagues and one independent lawmaker aligned with the government.

The plan responds to a rise in public demonstrations and online posts containing derogatory language aimed at certain countries, particularly China. The proposal highlights the tension in South Korea between national security sensitivities, regional geopolitical pressure, and the country’s strong democratic tradition of free expression.

In the explanation attached to the bill, Yang argued that existing laws only protect identifiable individuals from slander or verbal abuse, leaving a gap when entire groups or nationalities are targeted. He pointed to a recent anti-China protest where participants used offensive language and shared allegations linking Chinese nationals to election interference and a recent fire incident. According to Yang, this illustrates how some activists exploit legal loopholes by directing their claims at countries rather than specific people.

The amendment would broaden the current defamation and insults framework to include collective targets. Those found guilty of spreading false information about a country or its citizens could face up to five years in prison, disqualification from certain positions for up to ten years, or fines of up to KRW10mn ($6,900). Making insulting remarks would carry penalties of up to one year in prison or fines up to KRW2mn.

Opposition politicians and commentators say the proposal risks curbing civil liberties by removing the requirement for a complaint from a victim. Critics warn the law could enable politically motivated investigations and erosion of freedom of expression. Yang’s office stated that the bill is not aimed solely at China and would apply to all countries.